Midterm Exam CS 300 - Applied Symbolic Computation Jeremy Johnson Due Wed. Nov. 2 at (11:59 pm). (submit your Maple worksheet using webct) No late exams will be accepted The midterm exam is a take home exam similar in length to a typical exam. Obviously Maple (along with all of the available Maple help) is to be used for the exam and you may use your notes along with class lecture materials and worksheets. No other materials may be used and the exam must be done alone. You are on your honor to follow these directions and by submitting your exam you indicate that you have followed the instructions. If you have questions concerning any of the problems please send me email or post your question to the mailing list. I will try to clarify the problem and answer your question in a timely manner, provided I can do so without answering the problem. Class on Tuesday Nov. 1 will be canceled so that you can focus on the exam. I will schedule additional office hours (to be posted to the mailing list) to make up for the missed class. The focus on the exam is using Maple to explore mathematical concepts and algorithms - the key theme of the class so far. There will be explicit questions involving the Euclidean algorithm (one of the major algorithms discussed in class) and modular arithmetic and algorithms (an important concept used in Computer Algebra algorithms).

In this question you will investigate the factorization of 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 A solution of the polynomial equation 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is called a root of unity. In the complex numbers 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, where 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 is a solution since 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, all of the roots of 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are obtained as powers of 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 The polynomial 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 where 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 is called the dth cyclotomic polynomial (this factorization is a recursive definition of the cyclotomic polynomials - 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. It can be shown that the cyclotomic polynomials are irreducible over the rationals. a) Verify that 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 and that the cyclotomic polynomials that appear are irreducible. There is a function in the numtheory package for computing cyclotomic polynomials. with(numtheory);

Warning, the protected name order has been redefined and unprotected

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

Recall Fermat's (little) theorem that states 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. This implies that every non-zero element of 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 (integers mod p) is a 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 root of unity (i.e. satisfies the equation 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 You will use this obsevation to determine a condition which states for which primes 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the polynomial 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factor into linear factors 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b) Empirically verify Fermat's theorem for 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Empirically investigate for which primes 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 into linear factors 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 Can you come up with a condition on 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for which this happens (hint this can be determined from Fermat's theorem - factor p-1 and look for a pattern).

It can be shown that the probability that two random polynomials with integer coefficients are relatively prime is essentially 1 (i.e. almost all pairs of polynomials are relatively prime). However, it can be time consuming to verify that a particular pair are relatively prime using a polynomial version of the Euclidean algorithm. In this question you will investigate how a modular algorithm can be used to speed up this check. In order for a modular algorithm to be used to compute polynomial gcds it must be the case that if A and B are integral polynomials gcd(A,B) mod p = gcd(A mod p,B mod p) [In Maple you can use the inert form of the gcd function to force the computation to be done mod p, i.e. Gcd(A,B) mod p will compute the gcd of A and B in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2OVEhRicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJXNpemVHUSMxMkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSp1bmRlcmxpbmVHRjcvJSpzdWJzY3JpcHRHRjcvJSxzdXBlcnNjcmlwdEdGNy8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUShbMCwwLDBdRicvJStiYWNrZ3JvdW5kR1EuWzI1NSwyNTUsMjU1XUYnLyUnb3BhcXVlR0Y3LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNy8lKXJlYWRvbmx5R0Y3LyUpY29tcG9zZWRHRjcvJSpjb252ZXJ0ZWRHRjcvJStpbXNlbGVjdGVkR0Y3LyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjcvJTBmb250X3N0eWxlX25hbWVHUSgyRH5NYXRoRicvJSptYXRoY29sb3JHRkMvJS9tYXRoYmFja2dyb3VuZEdGRi8lK2ZvbnRmYW1pbHlHRjEvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUpbWF0aHNpemVHRjQtSSVtc3ViR0YkNiYtRiw2OVErJmludGVnZXJzO0YnRi9GMkY1RjhGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GaG5GW28tRiw2OVEicEYnRi9GMkY1RjhGO0Y9Rj9GQUZERkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZYRlpGZm5GaG5GW28vJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy8lLHBsYWNlaG9sZGVyR0Y3Ris=.] It can be shown that this condition for a given pair of polynomials is true for most primes p (those primes for which it is not true are called "unlucky"). a) Generate two random polynomials with integer coefficients and search for an unlucky prime. Also show that the condition is satisfied for atleast 10 primes. restart; b) Explain how you can verify that two integral polynomials are relatively prime using computations mod p.

Recall the Fibonacci recurrence: